Izindaba

Njengamanje, kunemishini yezokwelapha engaphezu kuka-10,000 emhlabeni jikelele. 1 Amazwe kumele abeke ukuphepha kweziguli kuqala futhi aqinisekise ukufinyelela kumishini yezokwelapha esezingeni eliphezulu, ephephile futhi esebenza kahle. 2,3 Imakethe yamadivayisi ezokwelapha aseLatin America iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esikhulu sokukhula minyaka yonke. Amazwe aseLatin America naseCaribbean adinga ukungenisa imishini yezokwelapha engaphezu kuka-90% ngoba ukukhiqizwa nokuhlinzekwa kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha endaweni kubalwa ngaphansi kuka-10% wesidingo sawo sonke.
I-Argentina iyizwe lesibili ngobukhulu eLatin America ngemuva kweBrazil. Njengoba inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-49, iyizwe lesine elinabantu abaningi kakhulu esifundeni4, kanye nomnotho wesithathu ngobukhulu ngemuva kweBrazil neMexico, ngomkhiqizo kazwelonke ophelele (i-GNP) ongaba yi-US$450 billion. Imali engenayo yonyaka ye-Argentina ngomuntu ngamunye ingu-US$22,140, ​​​​enye yezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu eLatin America.5
Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuchaza amandla ohlelo lwezempilo lwase-Argentina kanye nenethiwekhi yalo yezibhedlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlaziya inhlangano, imisebenzi, kanye nezici zokulawula zohlaka lokulawula amadivayisi ezokwelapha ase-Argentina kanye nobudlelwano balo ne-Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur). Okokugcina, uma sibheka izimo zezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo e-Argentina, sifingqa amathuba ebhizinisi kanye nezinselele ezimelelwa yimakethe yemishini yase-Argentina njengamanje.
Uhlelo lwezempilo lwase-Argentina luhlukaniswe ngezinhlelo ezintathu ezincane: umphakathi, ezokuphepha komphakathi kanye nezangasese. Umkhakha womphakathi uhlanganisa iminyango kazwelonke neyezifundazwe, kanye nenethiwekhi yezibhedlela zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo zezempilo, ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezokwelapha zamahhala kunoma ubani odinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwamahhala, ngokuyisisekelo abantu abangafaneleki ukuthola ukuphepha komphakathi futhi abangakwazi ukukhokha. Imali engenayo yezimali ihlinzeka ngezimali zesistimu encane yokunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi, futhi ithola izinkokhelo ezivamile ezivela ohlelweni oluncane lokuphepha komphakathi ukuze inikeze izinsizakalo kubabambisene nayo.
Uhlelo olungaphansi kwezokuphepha komphakathi luyimpoqo, lugxile ku-"obra sociales" (izinhlelo zezempilo zeqembu, i-OS), ukuqinisekisa nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kubasebenzi nemindeni yabo. Iminikelo evela kubasebenzi nakubaqashi babo ixhasa iningi lama-OS, futhi asebenza ngezinkontileka nabathengisi abazimele.
Uhlelo olungaphansi oluzimele luhlanganisa ochwepheshe bezempilo kanye nezikhungo zezempilo ezelapha iziguli ezinemali engenayo ephezulu, abazuzi be-OS, kanye nabanini bomshuwalense abazimele. Lolu hlelo olungaphansi luhlanganisa nezinkampani zomshuwalense zokuzithandela ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkampani zomshuwalense “wemithi ekhokhelwa kusengaphambili”. Ngokusebenzisa amaphrimiyamu omshuwalense, abantu ngabanye, imindeni kanye nabaqashi bahlinzeka ngezimali zezinkampani zomshuwalense wezokwelapha ezikhokhelwa kusengaphambili. Izibhedlela zomphakathi zase-Argentina ezingu-7 zingu-51% wenani lazo lonke lezibhedlela (cishe ezingu-2,300), zibekwe endaweni yesihlanu phakathi kwamazwe aseLatin America anezibhedlela zomphakathi eziningi kakhulu. Isilinganiso semibhede yesibhedlela yimibhede engu-5.0 kubantu abayi-1,000, okuphakeme ngisho nangaphezu kwesilinganiso esingu-4.7 emazweni e-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Argentina inomunye wemibhede ephezulu kakhulu yodokotela emhlabeni, enabangu-4.2 kubantu abayi-1,000, idlula i-OECD engu-3.5 kanye nesilinganiso saseJalimane (4.0), iSpain kanye ne-United Kingdom (3.0) kanye namanye amazwe aseYurophu. 8
I-Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) ibhale i-Argentina National Food, Drug and Medical Technology Administration (ANMAT) njengenhlangano yokulawula enezinga ezine, okusho ukuthi ingaqhathaniswa ne-US FDA. I-ANMAT inesibopho sokuqapha nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yemithi, ukudla kanye namadivayisi ezokwelapha. I-ANMAT isebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa olusekelwe engozini olufana nolusetshenziswa e-European Union naseCanada ukuqapha ukugunyazwa, ukubhaliswa, ukubhekwa, ukuqapha kanye nezici zezezimali zamadivayisi ezokwelapha ezweni lonke. I-ANMAT isebenzisa uhlelo olusekelwe engozini, lapho amadivayisi ezokwelapha ahlukaniswe khona ngezigaba ezine ngokusekelwe ezingozini ezingaba khona: Isigaba I - ingozi ephansi kakhulu; Isigaba II - ingozi ephakathi; Isigaba III - ingozi ephezulu kakhulu; kanye neSigaba IV - ingozi ephezulu kakhulu. Noma yimuphi umenzi wangaphandle ofisa ukuthengisa amadivayisi ezokwelapha e-Argentina kumele aqoke ummeleli wendawo ukuthi athumele amadokhumenti adingekayo enkambisweni yokubhalisa. Iphampu yokufaka, iphampu yesirinji kanye nephampu yokudla (iphampu yokondla) njengemishini yezokwelapha ye-calss IIb, kumele idluliselwe kwi-MDR Entsha ngo-2024.
Ngokwemithethonqubo yokubhalisa amadivayisi ezokwelapha esebenzayo, abakhiqizi kumele babe nehhovisi lendawo noma umsabalalisi obhalisiwe noMnyango Wezempilo wase-Argentina ukuze bahambisane neMikhuba Yokukhiqiza Engcono Kakhulu (i-BPM). Kumadivayisi ezokwelapha e-Class III ne-Class IV, abakhiqizi kumele bathumele imiphumela yesilingo somtholampilo ukuze bafakazele ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kwamadivayisi. I-ANMAT inezinsuku zokusebenza eziyi-110 zokuhlola idokhumenti futhi ikhiphe imvume efanele; kumadivayisi ezokwelapha e-Class I ne-Class II, i-ANMAT inezinsuku zokusebenza eziyi-15 zokuhlola nokugunyaza. Ukubhaliswa kwedivayisi yezokwelapha kusebenza iminyaka emihlanu, futhi umenzi angayibuyekeza izinsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuba iphelelwe yisikhathi. Kukhona indlela elula yokubhalisa yezichibiyelo ezitifiketi zokubhalisa ze-ANMAT zemikhiqizo yesigaba III ne-IV, futhi impendulo inikezwa zingakapheli izinsuku zokusebenza eziyi-15 ngokumemezela ukuthobela imithetho. Umenzi kumele futhi anikeze umlando ophelele wokuthengiswa kwangaphambilini kwedivayisi kwamanye amazwe. 10
Njengoba i-Argentina iyingxenye ye-Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) - indawo yokuhweba eyakhiwe yi-Argentina, iBrazil, iParaguay kanye ne-Uruguay - wonke amadivayisi ezokwelapha angenisiwe akhokhiswa intela ngokuhambisana ne-Mercosur Common External Tariff (CET). Izinga lentela lisukela ku-0% kuya ku-16%. Uma kwenzeka amadivayisi ezokwelapha avuselelwe angenisiwe, izinga lentela lisukela ku-0% kuya ku-24%. 10
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lube nomthelela omkhulu e-Argentina. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Ngo-2020, umkhiqizo kazwelonke wezwe wehle ngo-9.9%, ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-10. Naphezu kwalokhu, umnotho wasekhaya ngo-2021 usazobonisa ukungalingani okukhulu kwezomnotho: naphezu kokulawulwa kwamanani kahulumeni, izinga lokwehla kwamanani ngonyaka ngo-2020 lizoqhubeka lifinyelele ku-36%. 6 Naphezu kwezinga lokwehla kwamanani eliphezulu kanye nokwehla komnotho, izibhedlela zase-Argentina zikhulise ukuthengwa kwazo kwemishini yezokwelapha eyisisekelo nekhethekile kakhulu ngo-2020. Ukwanda kokuthengwa kwemishini yezokwelapha ekhethekile ngo-2020 kusukela ngo-2019 kungu: 17
Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2020, ukuthengwa kwemishini yezokwelapha eyisisekelo ezibhedlela zase-Argentina kukhuphukile: 17
Ngokuthakazelisayo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2019, kuzoba nokwanda kwezinhlobo eziningana zemishini yezokwelapha ebizayo e-Argentina ngo-2020, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka lapho izinqubo zokuhlinzwa ezidinga le mishini zakhanselwa noma zahlehliswa ngenxa ye-COVID-19. Isibikezelo sika-2023 sibonisa ukuthi izinga lokukhula konyaka elihlanganisiwe (i-CAGR) lemishini yezokwelapha elandelayo yobungcweti lizokhula:17
I-Argentina iyizwe elinesimiso sezokwelapha esixubile, esinabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezempilo zomphakathi nezizimele abalawulwa nguhulumeni. Imakethe yayo yamadivayisi ezokwelapha inikeza amathuba amahle ebhizinisi ngoba i-Argentina idinga ukungenisa cishe yonke imikhiqizo yezokwelapha. Naphezu kokulawulwa kwemali okuqinile, ukukhuphuka kwentengo ephezulu kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphansi kwamanye amazwe,18 isidingo esiphezulu samanje semishini yezokwelapha eyisisekelo nekhethekile engeniswa kwamanye amazwe, izikhathi zokuvunyelwa kwemithetho ezifanele, ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo okusezingeni eliphezulu kochwepheshe bezempilo base-Argentina, kanye namakhono amahle kakhulu ezibhedlela zezwe Lokhu kwenza i-Argentina ibe yindawo ekhangayo yabakhiqizi bamadivayisi ezokwelapha abafisa ukwandisa indawo yabo eLatin America.
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UJulio G. Martinez-Clark ungumsunguli kanye ne-CEO ye-bioaccess, inkampani yokubonisana ngokufinyelela emakethe esebenza nezinkampani zamadivayisi ezokwelapha ukuze zibasize benze izivivinyo zomtholampilo zokwenzeka kwasekuqaleni futhi bathengise izinto ezintsha eLatin America. UJulio futhi ungumsingathi we-podcast ye-LATAM Medtech Leaders: izingxoxo zamasonto onke nabaholi be-Medtech abaphumelele eLatin America. Uyilungu lebhodi lezeluleko lohlelo oluphambili lokusungula izinto ezintsha oluphazamisayo eStetson University. Uneziqu ze-bachelor's in electronic engineering kanye neziqu ze-master's in business administration.